Theory of Differential Association

An Empirical Test of Differential Association Theory *

are most delinquent offenses committed in groups but that most lone offenders are influenced by companions.’ Somewhat later, Shaw and Meyer2 and Shaw and 11cKay3 estimated the extent to which juvenile delinquency is group activity, showing that less than 20 percent are lone offenders in juvenile court samples. Shaw and 1~’IcKay also showed that the modal size of offending groups is two and thre...

Differential Association Theory and Compulsive Crimes, The

Theory of hybrid differential equations on time scales

‎In this paper‎, ‎we develop the theory of hybrid differential‎ ‎equations on time scales‎. ‎An existence theorem for hybrid‎ ‎differential equations on time scales is given under Lipschitz ‎conditions‎. ‎Some fundamental fractional differential inequalities‎ ‎are also established which are utilized to prove the existence of‎ ‎extremal solutions‎. ‎Necessary tools are considered and the‎ ‎compa...

Theory of Hybrid Fractional Differential Equations with Complex Order

We develop the theory of hybrid fractional differential equations with the complex order $thetain mathbb{C}$, $theta=m+ialpha$, $0<mleq 1$, $alphain mathbb{R}$, in Caputo sense. Using Dhage's type fixed point theorem for the product of abstract nonlinear operators in Banach algebra; one of the operators is $mathfrak{D}$- Lipschitzian and the other one is completely continuous, we prove the exis...

Theory of Stochastic Differential

We consider Itô’s stochastic differential equation (SDE). First, we would review a standard theory under standard assumptions. Then we would see how such a standard theory should be modified under different and more general assumptions and how and what new notions need be introduced to discuss such modifications. Consider the following SDE on R dX (t) = σ k(X(t))dB (t) + b(X(t))dt, X(0) = x (1)...